Thursday, January 16, 2020
Digi Marketing Analysis Essay
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This assignment is about DIGI Telecommunications Sdn. Bhd. (DIGI) companyââ¬â¢s strategic analysis of its daily operations. Segmenting, targeting and positioning will clearly show that how DIGI company segments its customers to different types of segments, then they targets those market that will provide profits to the company than lastly positioning them. Then SWOT analysis will provide clear details information about the companyââ¬â¢s main strengths and exploit them through opportunities, then understand the company weakness to avoid incoming threats to the company. Just to survive within the competitive market, DIGI should also learn competitors marketing strategy as well so that they can counterattack them just like chess strategy. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS A situational analysis is where the DIGI Telecommunication Sdn. Bhd. (DIGI) provides the operation of searching an important factor to accommodate the external contingency and internal capability. Then a choice should be decided to overcome all weaknesses and threats along with maximizing the companyââ¬â¢s strengths and business opportunity. SEGMENTATION TARGETING & POSITIONING (STP) In order to survive running a business, it is crucial for DIGI to know their market segmentation, targeting and positioning so that DIGI can target their customer accurately and efficiently. After segmentation, targeting and positioning, management will then uses the most appropriate strategies to achieve the companyââ¬â¢s goal even faster. SEGMENTATION At this stage, DIGI will have to differentiate their customer into different segments based on their common need or their response to marketing action taken by DIGI. Each of these response will them decide which strategy mix will be used by the company. There are a few ways to differentiate market segments, like demographic, psychographic, behavioral and geographical location. For DIGI, is best to use either psychographic and geographical location segmentation. In psychographic segmentation, customers will then based on the social lifestyle like their daily lifestyle, social class and individual attitudes. DIGI in this section can differentiate customer to high income or lower income customer. In geographical segmentation, customer will then based on their behavior like prior purchases and brand preference. In this section, DIGI may provide phone packages along with well-known brand hand phone like Samsung, Apple and Sony. TARGETING After segmenting customer into different groups, DIGI now will have to choose their targets. There is no strategy suits all kinds of segments, so in order to be effective and efficient, development of the correct strategies is very crucial. There are three general strategies for target marketing and they are undifferentiated targeting, concentrated targeting and multi-segment targeting. In this situation, the appropriate targeting for DIGI to be used is multi-segment targeting. In this target is being used because DIGI has to focus more than two segments and for each of the segments, different strategies must be applied. In this targeting, there are many benefits, but it also quite costly, as it needs more efforts from management, market research and also new promotional strategies to attract more customers. POSITIONING In this stage, positioning is where DIGI will have to develop a product and provide brand image into the minds of the customers. It also involvesà advancing customerââ¬â¢s perception to know what does customers experience. DIGI always reminds their customers that choosing DIGI is the smartest choice. DIGI is also well known for yellow man and the logo sign is yellow. To show the unique of DIGI, even the store is painted yellow and it really strikes out the customers view. An effective positioning includes a deep understanding of the competitorsââ¬â¢ products as well. DIGI should differentiate their advantages to excel among the competitors. DIFFERENTIAL ADVANTAGES/WEAKNESSES (SWOT ANALYSIS) SWOT analysis is where helps DIGI to understand their strengths and weaknesses, find business opportunities and prevent those upcoming threats. A successful SWOT analysis helps DIGI to seek opportunities and then accomplish them, knowing companyââ¬â¢s weakness and then manage them nicely can avoid any up coming threats. SWOT analysis for DIGI is as below: STRENGTHS DIGI always remind their customers that choosing DIGI is always the smartest choice. DIGI always provide smart plans based on customer affordability. Whenever a new electronic device launched into the market, just to catch up with the digital era, new packages will be introduce. Just like when LTE has been introduced to the world, not long then DIGI introduce LTE package to customers. DIGI also has its own customer loyalty. As nowadays, teenagers or even fresh graduate will choose DIGI for its reasonable and affordable rate along with DIGI rarely network failure happens compare to other network communications company. WEAKNESS DIGI telecommunication actually doesnââ¬â¢t have its own satellite yet they still need to rely MAXIS for renting satellite. It would be more appropriate that DIGI can afford a satellite on its own. Their customer service should beà enhance as networking tool its important nowadays, it will cost losses for the businessman who all of the sudden lost contact from the vendor or customers. This will unfortunately causes law cases to the company as the customer will then sue DIGI for network failure causes him all his losses. The customer service staff needs lots of training as well as their have to face many anger customers that have problems with their phone network. It will always be good that DIGI coverage covers more rural areas because theyââ¬â¢re its still places where DIGI coverage will not able to covered. OPPORTUNITIES In the network company, due to the enhancing of electronic gadgets, more and more opportunities will automatically come towards DIGI. Once a hand phone gadget like Apple or Samsung launched a new series of smartphones, DIGI will promote along phone packages with the purchase of the hand phone. It wills attracts lots of people who have not owned a hand phone as it includes everything. DIGI telecommunications also provides usage until overseas and they also provide some reasonable overseas rate. Other hand phone supplies will also come to them for cooperation to promote their new series of electronic devices along with providing DIGI telecommunications business opportunitiesââ¬â¢. On the other hand, DIGI also provides broadband as well and it provides conveniences for businessman to uses DIGI broadband anywhere for their electronic portable computer or even provide Internet line using phone coverage to provide 3G for electronic tablets. THREATS Malaysia has an intense of competition within Telecommunications Company. Many newly entered Telecommunications Company tries to fight for s status within the market but unfortunately fail and ended up bankruptcy. They are MAXIS, DIGI, CELCOM and UMOBILE Telecommunications Company that manage to fight for years within Malaysia and managed to survive. DIGI also frequents faces imitations. When a brand new service or products is launched, a similar service packages will also be provided to the customer from the competitors. Everyone wants to grab these business opportunities but endedà up provide chance for the customer to compare which telecommunication company provides the most reasonable and yet more services for them to enjoy. Because its digital era, all those gadgets staff will obsolete quickly so the market demand its actually very seasonal. When some new stuff is newly introduced, many people wants to get their hand into it, but after a period of time, customer will then gain no more interest in purchasing or even introducing to other people anymore. RECOMMENDED OBJECTIVES AND GOALS In order to achieve the objective, it is crucial for the company to find funds for the company operations. DIGI has to get a strong stand in Malaysia/s market share in order to achieve long term business operation. DIGI has to try to improve their telecommunications skills to provide a better quality of life for the customers and also to improve their ways of living to more digital. DIGI already has its vision of its own that an Excellency of service providing will lead to committed and energetic employees that makes the whole company running fluently. DIGIââ¬â¢s mission is to satisfy customerââ¬â¢s individual needs of requirement for their own communication, connectivity and also their Internet access. The company also successfully bonds its staff together can they grew within a healthy environment and each of them fulfills their duties tremendously. DIGI also provide appropriate returns to their shareholders and they have played am important in improving Malaysianââ¬â¢s lifestyle by providing up to date telecommunications services. In the long term, DIGI will try their best to increase share values by giving innovations and best telecommunication services to the Malaysianââ¬â¢s market. RECOMMENDED MARKETING STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS DIGI telecommunication competitors are MAXIS telecommunication. In order to be successfully within a market, it is also important to study competitors marketing strategy as well. DIGI has successfully established Excellency, so DIGI will continue to make things simple so that they can understand their customers truly. They also can try to balance the cost optimization exerciseà just to meet higher levels of customer satisfaction. Because this is digital era, it is also important to continue improve the system by relooked at all of the business process and activities that already have been done and try to improve them by making them much more efficient. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the best and appropriate strategy for DIGI Telecommunications is product development strategy. This is because that developing new and improved products in the future or even modifying existing product and services can make them more outstanding appearances compared to the competitors. With the up to date service network provider, DIGI can continue operates smoothly by providing excellent service to the customers. This plays an important role in the long term for DIGI. Unfortunately it will still remain highly competitive due to technology advancement and competitorââ¬â¢s spirit, as long as DIGI keep developing and modifying, DIGI products and services will attract more and more subscriberââ¬â¢s customers. The point is the most important for the global consumer as the usage of mobile network is extremely important in daily life nowadays. 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Wednesday, January 8, 2020
Whats Your Excuse - 1765 Words
Whatââ¬â¢s your excuse? Allen and Cowdery (2012) state ââ¬ËInclusion is not a set of strategies or a placement issue. Inclusion is about belonging to a community ââ¬â a group of friends, a school community, or a neighborhoodââ¬â¢ (Pg.5). Inclusion of children with disabilities in normal classrooms, happens to be a widely debated topic; whilst there are valid arguments on both sides and benefits for both inclusion and segregation, inclusion has become law (Holdheide Reschly, 2008). Inclusion requires a great deal of work in and out of the classroom setting. One of the most prominent barriers is that of communication; with lack of time, funding and negative attitudes of not only parents, but the student body and teachers bringing up theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Children with social insecurities will become the easiest target for bullies; but social acceptance will deter allot of bullying is disabled students are integrated into mainstream classrooms. What needs to be realized by educators and parents alike is when the child is acting out and people donââ¬â¢t know how to respond; children are more likely to become confused and unsure how it is they are supposed to behave (Shaddock, Giorcelli Smith, 2007). Shaddock, Giorcelli Smith (2007) recommend running some social skilling programs in the classroom; not only will disabled children benefit from these sessions but they are great for other students too. Social development leads to cognitive development; if children are not comfortable within the social environment, they may struggle to partake at educational activities and lessons (Shaddock, Giorcelli Smith, 2007). Cognitive development relies heavily on the childrenââ¬â¢s environment suggesting inclusive classrooms as promoting higher order thinking and challenges for disabled children (Marotz, 2009). 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Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Business Process Outsourcing Essay - 1346 Words
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Monday, December 23, 2019
The 1950s And The Vietnam War - 2275 Words
The 1960ââ¬â¢s and the Vietnam War are not often regarded as one of Americaââ¬â¢s finer moments in history. The increasing popularity of the television set in the 1960ââ¬â¢s allowed for a window into the war, and the brutality that the American people saw did not increase national pride, but rather implanted doubts into the minds of Americans as to whether or not our soldiers were really the good guys in this case. Where WWII had involved the Naziââ¬â¢s, the epitome of the bad guys, the Vietnam War had no such case. The dark sadism of the Naziââ¬â¢s had once been a stark contrast to Americaââ¬â¢s virtuous soldiers, but the Vietnam War was a confounding fusion of the good and the bad. As Ph. D. Leslie Gelb explains, ââ¬Å"the morality of that [Vietnam] War was very confusedâ⬠(Brokaw 137). This idea was reflected in the following decade, the 1970ââ¬â¢s, when movies began to portray their protagonist as a complex character with flaws rather than the tradition al faultless hero. In essence, the Vietnam War of the 1960ââ¬â¢s led to the rise of the antihero in 1970ââ¬â¢s American Cinema. The Vietnam War, ranging from 1955 to 1975, began the start of a new age; an age where death and war were no longer glamorized and the people were surfeited with the constant fighting. Originally, Vietnam was seen as a ââ¬Å"great testing ground in the struggle between democracies and Communismâ⬠(Brokaw 131), with the domino theory being a very credible threat. But as the war continued, both the Home front and the soldiers of the war began toShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The American War1446 Words à |à 6 PagesThe cold war and the American war in Vietnam are inseparable, if it was not for the cold war the Soviet Union, America, and China would not have gotten involved in a civil war that would have remained in the country. Because of the cold war it defined how the Vietnam War would be fought. Interesting fact, ââ¬Å"the conflict in Vietnam stemmed from the interaction of two major phenomena of the post WWII era, DECOLONIZATIONââ¬âthe dissolution of colonial empires ââ¬âand the cold warâ⬠(18). NATIONALISM during thisRead MoreSafety During The Vietnam War1645 Words à |à 7 PagesSafety During Battle: Vietnam War Andy Nguyen Junior Division Individual Paper Fire, ash, cinders, and smoke. A loud noise comes from overhead. People are screaming and running in terror. A bomb has went off. This sequence of events happened multiple times during the Vietnam War. Many soldiers died, and even more citizens died. In the past, there may have not been many laws/regulations that protect citizens to prevent casualties, but everyone learns from their past. Apparently the world hasntRead MoreEssay On Differences Of The 1950s And 1950s761 Words à |à 4 PagesDuring the 1950s and 1970s, developments in standards and social rights cleared the United States. These decades consisted of numerous riots, boycotts, court hearings, and the planning of other significant tasks to overcome the problems in America. Despite, the white majoritys disapproval the battles between the balance in training, housing, and employment were issues for minorities. There were achievements made in both decades of America during the 1950s and 1970s. The struggles with war and politicalRead MoreWhat Was A Communist Government?1093 Words à |à 5 Pagesanti-communist in the 1950s and 1960s? American during the 1950s and 1960s was anti-communist due to the cold war occurring between the USA and Russia, a communist country, in the 1950s. While USAââ¬â¢s government system during this time was a Democracy. They had the fear of this communist society expanding throughout the entire south East Asia. 3. Describe Franceââ¬â¢s involvement in Vietnamââ¬â¢s history. When did they set up a colony? Why? Explain what led to the French leaving Vietnam? When did this occurRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Long And Costly Conflict1150 Words à |à 5 Pages Causes if the Vietnam War Before WWII Vietnam belonged to the French Empire but during the war, it was taken over by the Japanese but since they were being defeated they retreated back to Japan. This gave the chance to the Vietnamese people to create their own government led by Ho Chi Minh but at the end of the war, the south was given back to the french while the north was led by the Chinese, who was not communist at the time, so Ho Chi Minh lost all his power. When the Chinese pulled out in 1946Read MoreThe Contribution Of Mark Atwood Lawrence Essay1255 Words à |à 6 PagesAmerican Commitment to the War in Vietnam is an American piece of literature published in 2005. Mark Atwood Lawrence is an Associate Professor of History, Director of Graduate Studies at the Clements Center for National Security at The University of Texas and Distinguished Fellow at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. Lawrence has published two books, Assuming the Burden: Europe and the American Commitment t o War in Vietnam and The Vietnam War: A Concise International HistoryRead More Evaluating the Success of Americas Policy of Containment of Communism1031 Words à |à 5 Pagesstrategy of the US in the early years of the Cold war. The policy was to defeat the Soviet Union by preventing it from expanding the territories under its Communist control or otherwise extending its influence. This, naturally, resulted in strained relations and rivalry between the two superpowers. Despite the many difficulties, American policy of containment during the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War did manage to contain the expansion of CommunismRead MoreSoviet Union Vs Cold War Essay1096 Words à |à 5 Pagesin the North Africa in the year 1944 enters in to the war in mainland Europe. In 1940 between the Soviet and the allied forces they were able to win the European front of wwii. The end of that year Japan was fighting still. The US develops the atomic bomb they use on over Hiroshima and a few days later one in Nagasaki, doing this ends wwii the outcome of wwii was two remaining super powers those two were The soviet Union and the US the cold war was next. Eastern Europe was falling under the SovietRead MoreThe 70s Are Not Totally Happy `` Days1667 Words à |à 7 PagesThe 50s are not totally ââ¬Å" happyâ⬠days. In American history the post war 1950s, was a unforgettable era. T.V. shows were made, showing early childhood experiences in 1950s. For example, some shows such as LEAVE IT TO BEAVER and FATHER KNOWS BEST. These shows leave viewers with histo rical facts from the past. Not everyone was happy, a group of civilians and nonconformists pointed out the flaws in a suburb they believed had no moral, a government that was growing viciously with power. A lifestyleRead MoreA Society Post World War II1169 Words à |à 5 PagesLiving in a society post World War II where social revolution is said to be unnecessary, there was solidity on Americans in the 1950s to conform to certain expectations and values. During the peak of the Cold War, any one who did not share the same values would be accused of being a communist. These common values that Americans believed in the 1950s were a liberal consensus that described America as an unflawed society that worked and did not suffer from any major struggles. The liberal consensus
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Analysis of variance Free Essays
The green moss bio-insecticide was extracted by means of pounding and squeezing. The insecticide was tested by the researcher by applying it to 10 eremites in three trials with three different concentration. The first setup was applied with the 100% moss extract, the second setup with the 50%, the third setup with the 25% concentration gradient of the moss extract. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of variance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The last setup was applied with commercialese insecticide. With the given results that were computed from the gathered data, the researcher conclude that the alternative hypothesis, which states that the green moss extract would be an effective bio-insecticide on dry wood termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of their mortality, is accepted the reason given that the F value is higher than the degrees of freedom. If the green moss extract, compared to commercialese insecticide, would be an effective insecticide against drowsy termites. Termite, common name for numerous species of social insects that can damage wooden structures, such as furniture or houses, or other materials containing cellulose while other species obtain a special fluid secreted by beetles. Control is obtained also by using wood treated with creosote or some other poisonous chemical. Because most worker termites cannot vive without moisture, the territories should be exposed to dry air. Insecticides induced to termites are of the following: The soil where a structure is standing would be treated with an insecticide to discourage termite incursions; wooden parts of a structure would be treated with creosote or some other poisonous chemical for control thus making the termites live outside the wood but the workers cannot live without moisture, thus being exposed to dry air. Commercialese insecticides are very harmful not only for the common health of the insects but also for humans and the environment. Unstable chemicals that kill other lives will most potentially kill others. In conclusion, commercialese insecticides which contains harmful chemicals are widely ranged in the country but must not be thus having the study. Moss is used in this study as an insecticide to drowsy termites due to the Bryophytes isolated location; moist, wet, and out of reach. Green moss is not contacted by termites, thus the idea of making idea of making the Bryophyte to be an insecticide. General Statement of the Problem The problems of the research are the following: The possibility of the green moss extract to be a potential insecticide to drowsy termites; the comparison of the green moss extract as an insecticide and the commercialese insecticide to its effectiveness over drowsy termites. Specific Questions 1 . Lââ¬â¢s there a significant difference between the different proportions of the green moss extract and commercialese insecticide in terms of killing termites? . Will there be a high mortality rate on the termites when the green moss extract is used. Statement of the Hypotheses The null hypothesis of this study is that the Green moss extract would not be an effective insecticide over drowsy termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of mortality while its alternative hypothesis is that the Green moss extract would be an effective insecticide on droopy termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of mortality. Significance of the Study The aim of the study is to use the abundance of green moss extract in the researchââ¬â¢s location for use as a alternative for a insecticide over commercialese products due to its chemical value. And also, to find what substance does the green moss extract notation which has insecticidal properties over the termites, if ever. Most Filipino families will benefit from the study due to its abundance in any place which is damp; virtually, everywhere. It may also be mass produced and may be a source of income to the Philippines; export to other countries. Scope and Limitation The study will be dealing with the production of the bio-insecticide made out of the pure extract gathered from the green moss given the reason of the countless chemicals found in the commercialese insecticide and that the bio-insecticide is to Essen the usage of it by proving that the product has better mortality rate over pests, in this case, drowsy termites. The study will be limited on what type of tests shall the green moss extract bio-insecticide undergo. The study is also limited on using just the green moss as the resource for the study. Definition of Terms Bryophyte ââ¬â a botanical division (phylum) of small, soft plants. Drowsy termites ââ¬â creates colonies in wood, with no connection to the ground necessary. Green moss ââ¬â A plant which may grow in all types of climate and grow on a variety of substrates. Insecticide- a chemical used against insects. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The potentiality of Nonage bark extract as an insecticide was conducted by Sheer Ann Alarming, Erectile Guessers, and Shannon Mayo through Photochemical Analysis and Screen-House Experiment. For the Screen-House Experiment, four nonsectarian were constructed with them applied Treatment A (pure extract), B (extract with essential oil), C (Bacon), and D (Raid). Mortality rate and effectiveness of the extract were observed for two minutes y the researchers and the results were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance (NOVA). As a result, in terms of the treatments effectively on mosquitoes, the pure extract is the most effective. On the other hand, Treatments A, C and D were effective against termitesââ¬â¢ and cockroaches. The researchers had bought to a conclusion that Nonage Bark Extract is effective and could be tapped as an alternative bio-insecticide in eliminating insects. In another research, by Amman Bengal, tackling on the Insecticidal effect of Thebe on common house mosquitoes, he stated that developers have had discovered that thebe oil contains insecticidal qualities as well although no toxicity as been reported present. He then made an experiment by introducing the concoction to twenty(20) common house mosquitoes to test the effectively of it and was then observed for twenty(20) minutes. The results brought the researcher to the conclusion that thebe contains an insecticidal effect on mosquitoes. Lastly, the researchers Gaylord and Clement had pondered over the effectiveness of cassava extract insecticide against termites and how it could be a substitute for the commercialese insecticides. The extract was then gathered and applied to twenty(20) termites inside a beaker; sprayed twice. After several trials and times measured, they used T-test to tabulate the data of the Cassava extract against the commercialese insecticide. They then concluded that the two have no significant difference and that the Cassava extract is effective and may be a substitute for the commercialese insecticide. METHODOLOGY Location of the Study The study was conducted inside the vicinity of the researcherââ¬â¢s school, Calm City Science High School. The moss was gathered from Callahan, Laguna. Data Gathering Process The data was gathered after the application of the 100%, 50%, and 25% gradient incineration of the green moss extract, and the commercialese insecticide to the drowsy termites. The researcher had observed if there was a significant difference between the four (4) substances to the mortality rate of the drowsy termites. Statistical Analysis The data gathering technique to be used in the study by the researcher is the One-way analysis of variance that it may be used to two or more samples, by using the F-test, and must be numerical data. Since the samples are independent, they have equal variances, and that the insecticides are virtually distributed by the same assure, the study is applicable for a One-way NOVA. Instruments The researcher used the following materials to make the bio-insecticide made out of green moss extract. The raw materials that were used to create the product was green moss and water (for the concentration of the extract). The other instruments used were mortar and pestle, to pulverize the moss and get the extract easier; beaker, as both a container and measurement tool for both the extract and commercialese insecticide; filter paper, in order not to get impurities to the extract; terrorized containers as where the drowsy termites would be put to; and sprayer for the distribution of the extract. A stopwatch will be used to measure the duration of the mortality of the drowsy termites. Procedure The researcher would first collect the materials for the experiment going with: 500 grams of moss; a beaker; a stirring rod; mortar and pestle; filter paper; patisseries; commercialese insecticide. The researcher would then be extracting the moss using the mortar and pestle and then be contained on a beaker through filter paper and funnel. After a short hill, the extract and the commercialese insecticide will then be applied to 3 set- ups each and having the extract decreased from 100% concentration to 50% and then to 25%. The results will then be gathered and tabulated after twenty(20) minutes using the ââ¬Å"One-way analysis of varianceâ⬠or the ââ¬Å"One-way NOVAâ⬠. Summary and Conclusion This study was conducted to develop a bio-insecticide made out of green moss extract that may kill drowsy termites. The data was gathered by applying the different concentration of the green moss extract which was 100%, 50%, and 25%, including the commercialese insecticide to three (3) trials each containing ten (10) drowsy termites. With the given results that were computed from the gathered data, the researcher conclude that the alternative hypothesis, which states that the green moss extract would be an effective bio-insecticide on dry wood termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of their mortality, is accepted the reason given that the F value is higher than the degrees of freedom thus stating that the alternative hypothesis is accepted. In addition, the researcher has tested and concluded that the extraneous arable of the moss extract to be acidic and that may have affected the termitesââ¬â¢ mortality is faulty. The green moss extract has a level of 8 pH which concludes that it is a basic substance and not an acidic substance. Recommendation The researcher recommends finding what exact content that the green moss extract has that had killed the drowsy termites. He recommends that when the specific content of the green moss extract that has a pesticides effect is found, use another type of moss. The researcher also recommends using the same type of moss but in another location having the reason of different nutrition of the moss. How to cite Analysis of variance, Papers Analysis of Variance Free Essays Analysis of Variance Lecture 11 April 26th, 2011 A. Introduction When you have more than two groups, a t-test (or the nonparametric equivalent) is no longer applicable. Instead, we use a technique called analysis of variance. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Variance or any similar topic only for you Order Now This chapter covers analysis of variance designs with one or more independent variables, as well as more advanced topics such as interpreting significant interactions, and unbalanced designs. B. One-Way Analysis of Variance The method used today for comparisons of three or more groups is called analysis of variance (ANOVA). This method has the advantage of testing whether there are any differences between the groups with a single probability associated with the test. The hypothesis tested is that all groups have the same mean. Before we present an example, notice that there are several assumptions that should be met before an analysis of variance is used. Essentially, we must have independence between groups (unless a repeated measures design is used); the sampling distributions of sample means must be normally distributed; and the groups should come from populations with equal variances (called homogeneity of variance). Example: 5 Subjects in three treatment groups X,Y and Z. X Y Z 700 480 500 850 460 550 820 500 480 640 570 600 920 580 610 The null hypothesis is that the mean(X)=mean(Y)=mean(Z). The alternative hypothesis is that the means are not all equal. How do we know if the means obtained are different because of difference in the reading programs(X,Y,Z) or because of random sampling error? By c hance, the five subjects we choose for group X might be faster readers than those chosen for groups Y and Z. We might now ask the question, ââ¬Å"What causes scores to vary from the grand mean? In this example, there are two possible sources of variation, the first source is the training method (X,Y or Z). The second source of variation is due to the fact that individuals are different. SUM OF SQUARES total; SUM OF SQUARES between groups; SUM OF SQUARES error (within groups); F ratio = MEAN SQUARE between groups/MEAN SQUARE error = (SS between groups/(k-1)) / (SS error/(N-k)) SAS codes: DATA READING; INPUT GROUP $ WORDS @@; DATALINES; X 700 X 850 X 820 X 640 X 920 Y 480 Y 460 Y 500 Y 570 Y 580 Z 500 Z 550 Z 480 Z 600 Z 610 ; PROC ANOVA DATA=READING; TITLE ââ¬ËANALYSIS OF READING DATAââ¬â¢; CLASS GROUP; MODEL WORDS=GROUP; MEANS GROUP; RUN; The ANOVA Procedure Dependent Variable: words Sum of Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr F Model 2 215613. 3333 107806. 6667 16. 78 0. 0003 Error 12 77080. 0000 6423. 3333 Corrected Total 14 292693. 3333 Now that we know the reading methods are different, we want to know what the differences are. Is X better than Y or Z? Are the means of groups Y and Z so close that we cannot consider them different? In general , methods used to find group differences after the null hypothesis has been rejected are called post hoc, or multiple comparison test. These include Duncanââ¬â¢s multiple-range test, the Student-Newman-Keulsââ¬â¢ multiple-range test, least significant-difference test, Tukeyââ¬â¢s studentized range test, Scheffeââ¬â¢s multiple-comparison procedure, and others. To request a post hoc test, place the SAS option name for the test you want, following a slash (/) on the MEANS statement. The SAS names for the post hoc tests previously listed are DUNCAN, SNK, LSD, TUKEY, AND SCHEFFE, respectively. For our example we have: MEANS GROUP / DUNCAN; Or MEANS GROUP / SCHEFFE ALPHA=. 1 At the far left is a column labeled ââ¬Å"Duncan Grouping. â⬠Any groups that are not significantly different from one another will have the same letter in the Grouping column. The ANOVA Procedure Duncanââ¬â¢s Multiple Range Test for words NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparison wise error rate, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha 0. 05 Error Degrees of Freedom 12 Error Mean Square 6423. 333 Number of Means 2 3 Critical Range 110. 4 115. 6 Means with the same letter are not significantly different. Duncan Grouping Mean N group A 786. 00 5 x B 548. 00 5 z B B 518. 00 5 y C. Computing Contrasts Suppose you want to make some specific comparisons. For example, if method X is a new method and methods Y and Z are more traditional methods, you may decide to compare method X to the mean of method Y and method Z to see if there is a difference between the new and traditional methods. You may also want to compare method Y to method Z to see if there is a difference. These comparisons are called contrasts, planned comparisons, or a priori comparisons. To specify comparisons using SAS software, you need to use PROC GLM (General Linear Model) instead of PROC ANOVA. PROC GLM is similar to PROC ANOVA and uses many of the same options and statements. However, PROC GLM is a more generalized program and can be used to compute contrasts or to analyze unbalanced designs. PROC GLM DATA=READING; TITLE ââ¬ËANALYSIS OF READING DATA ââ¬â PLANNED COMPARIONSââ¬â¢; CLASS GROUP; MODEL WORDS = GROUP; CONTRAST ââ¬ËX VS. Y AND Zââ¬â¢ GROUP -2 1 1; CONTRAST ââ¬ËMethod Y VS. Zââ¬â¢ GROUP 0 1 -1; RUN; The GLM Procedure Contrast DF Contrast SS Mean Square F Value Pr ; F X VS. Y AND Z 1 213363. 3333 213363. 3333 33. 22 F group 2 503215. 2667 251607. 6333 56. 62 F group 1 121. 0000000 121. 0000000 8. 00 0. 0152 drug 1 42. 2500000 42. 2500000 2. 79 0. 1205 group*drug 1 930. 500000 930. 2500000 61. 50 F Model 5 39. 96666667 7. 99333333 9. 36 0. 0002 Error 18 15. 36666667 0. 85370370 Corrected Total 23 55. 33333333 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr ; F sweet 2 29. 77706840 14. 88853420 17. 44 |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j) Dependent Variable: rating i/j 1 2 3 1 0. 3866 How to cite Analysis of Variance, Essay examples
Friday, December 6, 2019
Education and Chief Guest free essay sample
Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher in Terms of the Teaching/Training Cycle. Review your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle. ROLE OF A TEACHER A teacherââ¬â¢s role is to ensure that they deliver a relevant, informative, easily understood method of training to their learners. If delivered correctly it will enable those learners to gain knowledge, increase their skills which in turn will increase their confidence and ability enabling them to possibly change career, gain promotion at work, have the ability to cope better using the new skills and knowledge gained resulting in reduced stress levels. To enable a teacher to fulfil their role to the best of their abilities (Gravells,2009) states they will also become involved in assessing, facilitating, instructing, motivating, coaching, mentoring, counselling, lecturing, presenting, training, tutoring, being a practitioner and preceptor and supporting learners. To complete the role of a teacher he/she will need to follow a training cycle which should consist of the following: Identify needs of learner Plan and design training course Deliver or facilitate the course Assess the effectiveness of learning of each individual learner and ensure they are achieving desired quality and standards of learning. Evaluate both the course outcome from a learnerââ¬â¢s viewpoint and also specific teaching methods used are adequate for the learnerââ¬â¢s needs. It is absolutely essential that throughout the teaching process a professional relationship between teacher and learner is maintained at all times and that all relevant organisational protocols and codes of practice are adhered to. (Gravells 2010) Failure to keep that professional relationship could cause issues in relation to familiarity, unconsciously giving preferential treatment causing other learners to feel neglected and resentful which in turn could cause a decrease in interest and learning ability. By not following protocol and codes of practice the teacher runs the risk of losing credibility, failing to JOIN NOW FOR FREE 623 Words Essay on The School Annual Day One of the most anxiously awaited occasions in any school is its annual day. Great excitement and hurried activities are visible all around. The prize-winners and those who are participating in the cultural programme to be presented on that day are especially elated. Even those who are not actively, involved are excited to have a study-free day in school, filled with fun, frolic and amusement. The preparations for the annual day begin much ahead of the day itself. The school gets a complete face-lift with all the classrooms thoroughly cleaned and charts on all subjects, carefully made by the students and artistically displayed on the walls. This is done to impress the Chief Guest, other guests and parents. The venue of the function is decorated with Writings, balloons, banners and lights. Another important feature of the preparation is the regular practice session of the cultural programme to be staged on the appointed day. Students, participating in the dance, drama and music programmes, are called for long rehearsals. Again, those who have stood first in class in academics and various inter-class and inter-school competitions, are made to undergo the actual practice for the day through a mock-session, so that they know how to conduct themselves in the presence of the august audience. The Head Boy is made to write out his speech under the guidance of a teacher and he too is required to rehearse it. The long-awaited day, finally, arrives and everyone seems to be immensely busy and hectic, rushing here and there for one reason or the other. All, including the principal, the teachers and the participants in the cultural programmes seem greatly excited and worried. Those who are supposed to come to the stage tremble in excitement and fear. The rest of the students help to arrange the stage and look forward to a day of fun and frolic. As the Chief Guest arrives, the school-band springs into tune. He is escorted by a reception-committee, including the members from the Managing Committee, the principal, teachers and students. To start with, the principal delivers a speech, in which he first welcomes the Chief Guest and then details the highlights of the school-results in the Boardââ¬â¢s Examinations and the awards that the students have won in various activities. Then the Chief Guest is requested to deliver his speech. It is followed by a speech from the Head-Boy, who thanks the teachers for their affectionate guidance and teaching, provided by them. He also expresses gratitude to the Chief Guest for accepting their invitation and for all the compliments/ he has conferred on the school. Finally, the Chief Guest is requested to give away the prizes to the students. The prize- giving-ceremony is also an interesting event to behold. Each time the name of a prize ââ¬â winner is called out, the band strikes inarching tune and the student marches up to receive the prize and thanks the Chief Guest. The cultural programme begins after the prizes have been awarded. Songs are sung by the students, the dance and drama items are presented and one sees the hard work, the students have put in during the rehearsals, reaching its culmination. The function ends with the manager of the school giving a vote of thanks to the Chief Guest and the parents for sparing their valuable time to be in the school. The last to come is the National Anthem, at the tune of which, all those who are present stand in attention. Then there is a controlled movement towards the exit. Parents wait outside for their children. Those who have won prizes and those who have performed on the stage are lovingly received by their parents. Finally, everybody goes home, bidding adieu to each other.
Education and Chief Guest free essay sample
Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher in Terms of the Teaching/Training Cycle. Review your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle. ROLE OF A TEACHER A teacherââ¬â¢s role is to ensure that they deliver a relevant, informative, easily understood method of training to their learners. If delivered correctly it will enable those learners to gain knowledge, increase their skills which in turn will increase their confidence and ability enabling them to possibly change career, gain promotion at work, have the ability to cope better using the new skills and knowledge gained resulting in reduced stress levels. To enable a teacher to fulfil their role to the best of their abilities (Gravells,2009) states they will also become involved in assessing, facilitating, instructing, motivating, coaching, mentoring, counselling, lecturing, presenting, training, tutoring, being a practitioner and preceptor and supporting learners. To complete the role of a teacher he/she will need to follow a training cycle which should consist of the following: Identify needs of learner Plan and design training course Deliver or facilitate the course Assess the effectiveness of learning of each individual learner and ensure they are achieving desired quality and standards of learning. Evaluate both the course outcome from a learnerââ¬â¢s viewpoint and also specific teaching methods used are adequate for the learnerââ¬â¢s needs. It is absolutely essential that throughout the teaching process a professional relationship between teacher and learner is maintained at all times and that all relevant organisational protocols and codes of practice are adhered to. (Gravells 2010) Failure to keep that professional relationship could cause issues in relation to familiarity, unconsciously giving preferential treatment causing other learners to feel neglected and resentful which in turn could cause a decrease in interest and learning ability. By not following protocol and codes of practice the teacher runs the risk of losing credibility, failing to JOIN NOW FOR FREE 623 Words Essay on The School Annual Day One of the most anxiously awaited occasions in any school is its annual day. Great excitement and hurried activities are visible all around. The prize-winners and those who are participating in the cultural programme to be presented on that day are especially elated. Even those who are not actively, involved are excited to have a study-free day in school, filled with fun, frolic and amusement. The preparations for the annual day begin much ahead of the day itself. The school gets a complete face-lift with all the classrooms thoroughly cleaned and charts on all subjects, carefully made by the students and artistically displayed on the walls. This is done to impress the Chief Guest, other guests and parents. The venue of the function is decorated with Writings, balloons, banners and lights. Another important feature of the preparation is the regular practice session of the cultural programme to be staged on the appointed day. Students, participating in the dance, drama and music programmes, are called for long rehearsals. Again, those who have stood first in class in academics and various inter-class and inter-school competitions, are made to undergo the actual practice for the day through a mock-session, so that they know how to conduct themselves in the presence of the august audience. The Head Boy is made to write out his speech under the guidance of a teacher and he too is required to rehearse it. The long-awaited day, finally, arrives and everyone seems to be immensely busy and hectic, rushing here and there for one reason or the other. All, including the principal, the teachers and the participants in the cultural programmes seem greatly excited and worried. Those who are supposed to come to the stage tremble in excitement and fear. The rest of the students help to arrange the stage and look forward to a day of fun and frolic. As the Chief Guest arrives, the school-band springs into tune. He is escorted by a reception-committee, including the members from the Managing Committee, the principal, teachers and students. To start with, the principal delivers a speech, in which he first welcomes the Chief Guest and then details the highlights of the school-results in the Boardââ¬â¢s Examinations and the awards that the students have won in various activities. Then the Chief Guest is requested to deliver his speech. It is followed by a speech from the Head-Boy, who thanks the teachers for their affectionate guidance and teaching, provided by them. He also expresses gratitude to the Chief Guest for accepting their invitation and for all the compliments/ he has conferred on the school. Finally, the Chief Guest is requested to give away the prizes to the students. The prize- giving-ceremony is also an interesting event to behold. Each time the name of a prize ââ¬â winner is called out, the band strikes inarching tune and the student marches up to receive the prize and thanks the Chief Guest. The cultural programme begins after the prizes have been awarded. Songs are sung by the students, the dance and drama items are presented and one sees the hard work, the students have put in during the rehearsals, reaching its culmination. The function ends with the manager of the school giving a vote of thanks to the Chief Guest and the parents for sparing their valuable time to be in the school. The last to come is the National Anthem, at the tune of which, all those who are present stand in attention. Then there is a controlled movement towards the exit. Parents wait outside for their children. Those who have won prizes and those who have performed on the stage are lovingly received by their parents. Finally, everybody goes home, bidding adieu to each other.
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